Alphabet with letter numbers. Russian alphabet Alphabet numbered

(alphabet) - a set of graphic signs - letters in a prescribed sequence, which create the written and printed form of the national Russian language. Includes 33 letters: a, b, c, d, d, f, e, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, f, x, ts, ch, sh, sch, ъ, s, ь, e, yu, i. Most letters in written form are graphically different from printed ones. Except ъ, ы, ь, all letters are used in two versions: uppercase and lowercase. In printed form, the variants of most letters are graphically identical (they differ only in size; cf., however, B and b); in written form, in many cases, the spelling of uppercase and lowercase letters differs from each other (A and a, T, etc.).

The Russian alphabet conveys the phonemic and sound composition of Russian speech: 20 letters convey consonant sounds (b, p, v, f, d, t, z, s, zh, sh, ch, ts, shch, g, k, x, m, n, l, p), 10 letters - vowels, of which a, e, o, s, i, u - only vowels, i, e, e, yu - softness of the preceding consonant + a, e, o, u or combinations j + vowel (“five”, “forest”, “ice”, “hatch”; “pit”, “ride”, “tree”, “young”); the letter "y" conveys "and non-syllabic" ("fight") and in some cases the consonant j ("yog"). Two letters: “ъ” (hard sign) and “ь” (soft sign) do not denote separate independent sounds. The letter “b” serves to indicate the softness of the preceding consonants, paired in hardness - softness (“mol” - “mol”), after the hissing letters “b” it is an indicator in writing of some grammatical forms (3rd declension nouns - “daughter”, but “brick”, imperative mood - “cut”, etc.). The letters “ь” and “ъ” also act as a dividing sign (“rise”, “beat”).

The modern Russian alphabet in its composition and basic letter styles goes back to the ancient Cyrillic alphabet, the alphabet of which dates back to the 11th century. changed in form and composition. The Russian alphabet in its modern form was introduced by the reforms of Peter I (1708-1710) and the Academy of Sciences (1735, 1738 and 1758), the result of which was to simplify the letterforms and exclude some outdated characters from the alphabet. Thus, the letters Ѡ (“omega”), Ꙋ (“uk”), Ꙗ, Ѥ (iotized a, e), Ѯ (“xi”), Ѱ (“psi”), digraphs Ѿ (“from”) were excluded , OU (“y”), accent and aspiration signs (strength), abbreviation signs (titles), etc. New letters were introduced: i (instead of Ꙗ and Ѧ), e, y. Later N.M. Karamzin introduced the letter “е” (1797). These changes served to transform the old Church Slavonic print for secular publications (hence the subsequent name of the printed font - “civil”). Some excluded letters were later restored and excluded, some of the extra letters continued to be used in Russian writing and printing until 1917, when by decree of the People's Commissariat of Education of December 23, 1917, confirmed by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of October 10, 1918, letters were excluded from the alphabet Ѣ, Ѳ, І (“yat”, “fita”, “і decimal”). The use of the letter “е” in print is not strictly mandatory; it is used mainly in dictionaries and educational literature.

The Russian “civil” alphabet served as the basis for most of the writing systems of the peoples of the USSR, as well as for some other languages ​​​​that have a written language based on the Cyrillic alphabet.

• Bylinsky K.I., Kryuchkov S.E., Svetlaev M.V., Use of the letter e. Directory, M., 1943;
• Dieringer D., Alphabet, translation from English, M., 1963;
• Istrin V. A., The emergence and development of writing, M., 1965;
• Musaev K. M., Alphabets of the languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR, M., 1965;
• Ivanova V.F., Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling, 2nd ed., M., 1976;
• Moiseev A.I., Modern Russian alphabet and alphabets of other peoples of the USSR, RYASh, 1982, No. 6;
• see also the literature under the article

In the article you will learn about the history of the Russian alphabet, as well as the rules of spelling and pronunciation of each of its letters.

Around 863, Cyril and Methodius (brothers chroniclers) streamlined all “Slavic” writing after Emperor Michael III ordered them to do so. The writing was called “Cyrillic” and became part of the Greek alphabet. After this, the Bulgarian school of “scribes” actively developed and the country (Bulgaria) became the most important center for the dissemination of the “Cyrillic alphabet”.

Bulgaria is the place where the first Slavic “book” school appeared and it was here that such significant publications as the “Psalter”, “Gospel” and “Apostle” were rewritten. After Greece, the “Cyrillic alphabet” penetrated into Serbia and only at the end of the 10th century it became the language of Rus'. We can safely say that the modern Russian alphabet is a derivative of the Cyrillic alphabet and the old Slavic “Eastern” speech.

A little later, the Russian alphabet received 4 more new letters, but 14 letters from the “old” alphabet were gradually eliminated one by one, because they were no longer needed. After the reforms of Peter the Great (early 17th century), superscript signs were completely eliminated from the alphabet, and other “doublet” signs were simply abolished. The most recent reform of the Russian alphabet occurred at the beginning of the 19th century and after it, humanity was presented with exactly the alphabet that is observed to this day.

How many letters are there in the Russian alphabet?

The modern Russian alphabet, consisting of exactly 33 letters, became official only in 1918. It is interesting that the letter “E” in it was approved only in 1942, and before that it was only considered a variation of the letter “E”.

Cyril and Methodius

Russian language alphabet – 33 letters, black and white, printed: what it looks like, print on one sheet, printed A4 format, photo.

In order to learn the spelling of each letter of the Russian alphabet, you may need a printed black and white version. After downloading such a picture, you can print it on any A4 landscape sheet.

Russian alphabet in order from A to Z, numbered in direct order: photo, print

Each letter in the Russian alphabet has its own serial number.

Russian alphabet, numbered in reverse order: photo, print

Reverse order of letters in the alphabet and reverse numbering.

How to correctly pronounce and read the letters of the Russian alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet: transcription, letter names

Russian alphabet of uppercase and capital letters: photo, print

Russian written speech also requires penmanship and calligraphy. Therefore, you should definitely remember the spelling rules for each capital and small letter in the alphabet.

How to write capital letters of the Russian alphabet for first-graders: connecting capital letters of the Russian alphabet, photo

Kids who are just starting to learn written language will definitely find copybooks useful, in which they will learn not only the spelling of letters, but also all the required connections between them.

Copybooks of Russian letters:

How many vowels, consonants, hissing letters and sounds are there in the Russian alphabet and what are more: vowels or consonants?

Important to remember:

• In the Russian alphabet, letters are divided into vowels and consonants
• Vowel letters - 10 pcs.
• Consonants - 21 pcs. (+ ь, ъ sign)
• There are 43 sounds in the Russian language
• It has 6 vowel sounds
• And 37 consonants

Introduction to the modern Russian alphabet of the letter e, y, ё: when and who included it?

Interesting to know:

• The letter е appeared in the alphabet in the 19th century
• The letter й appeared in the alphabet after the 15th-16th century (appeared in Slavic church writings after the Moscow edition).
• The letter e appeared in the 17th century (during the development of the civil font)

What was the last letter to appear in the Russian alphabet?

The letter E is the “last” letter in the Russian alphabet, since it was approved relatively recently (at the beginning of the 19th century).

Young and forgotten letters of the Russian alphabet: names

The modern Russian alphabet went through many transformations before finding its final form. Many letters were forgotten or excluded from the alphabet due to uselessness.

The number of letters of the Russian alphabet that do not indicate sounds: names

IMPORTANT: A letter is a graphic sign, a sound is a unit of spoken speech.

In Russian the following letters do not have sounds:

• ь - softens the sound
• ъ - makes the sound hard

What is the last consonant letter of the Russian alphabet: name

The last letter (consonant) that arose in the modern alphabet is Ш (ligature Ш+Т or Ш+Ч).

Transliteration of the Russian alphabet in Latin: photo

Transliteration is the translation of letters into the English alphabet, while preserving the sound.

Calligraphic handwriting: a sample of the Russian alphabet

Calligraphy is the rules for writing capital letters.

Video: “Live ABC for kids”

In writing we use letters, in speaking we use sounds. We use letters to represent the sounds we pronounce. There is no simple and direct correspondence between letters and sounds: there are letters that do not denote sounds, there are cases when a letter means two sounds, and cases when several letters mean one sound. Modern Russian has 33 letters and 42 sounds.

Kinds

Letters are vowels and consonants. The letters soft sign and hard sign do not form sounds; there are no words in the Russian language that begin with these letters. The Russian language is “vocal”; Russian words have many vowels (o, e, i, a) and voiced consonants (n, l, v, m, r). There are significantly fewer noisy, deaf, hissing ones (zh, ch, sh, shch, c, f). The vowels yu, e, ё are also rarely used. On a letter, instead of the letter ё, the letter e is often written without losing the meaning.

Alphabet

The letters of the Russian language are listed below in alphabetical order. Uppercase and lowercase letters are shown and their names are indicated. Vowels are marked in red, consonants are in blue, letters ь, ъ are in grey.

A a B b C c D d E d e e e f f g h h i i j j K k L l M m N n O o P p R r S s T t U u F f X x C t H h Sh sh sch q y y b ee y y I

The letter L is called "el" or "el", the letter E is sometimes called "E reverse".

Numbering

Numbers of letters of the Russian alphabet in forward and reverse order:

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Russian alphabet- a successive series of letters that convey the sound composition of Russian speech and create the written and printed form of the Russian language. The Russian alphabet dates back to the Cyrillic alphabet and has existed in its modern form since 1918.

Contains 33 letters, 20 of them convey consonants (b, p, v, f, d, t, z, s, zh, sh, h, c, sch, g, k, x, m, n, l, r ); 10 - vowel sounds (a, e, o, ы, и, у) or (in certain positions) combinations j + vowel (i, e, yu); the letter “th” conveys “and non-syllabic” or j; “ъ” and “ь” do not denote separate sounds. The Russian alphabet serves as the basis for the alphabets of some other languages.

History of the alphabet in Rus'

Around 863, the brothers Constantine (Cyril) the Philosopher and Methodius from Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki), by order of the Byzantine Emperor Michael III, streamlined the writing system for the Slavic language.

The brothers were natives of the city of Thessaloniki (now Thessaloniki). Ancient Thessaloniki was a bilingual city in which, in addition to the Greek language, a Slavic dialect was heard.

Constantine, being a very educated man, even before his trip to Moravia, he compiled the Slavic alphabet and began to translate the Gospel into the Slavic language. In Moravia, Constantine and Methodius continued to translate church books from Greek into the Slavic language, teaching the Slavs to read, write and conduct worship in the Slavic language. The brothers stayed in Moravia for more than three years, and then went with their disciples to Rome to the Pope. On the way to Rome, they visited another Slavic country - Pannonia (the region of Lake Balaton, Hungary). And here the brothers taught the Slavs books and worship in the Slavic language.

In Rome, Constantine became a monk, taking the name Cyril. There, in 869, Kirill was poisoned. Methodius with his disciples, who received the priesthood, returned to Pannonia, and later to Moravia.

By that time, the situation in Moravia had changed dramatically. After the death of Rostislav, his captive Svyatopolk became the Moravian prince, who submitted to German political influence. The activities of Methodius and his disciples took place in very difficult conditions. The Latin-German clergy in every way prevented the spread of the Slavic language as the language of the church.

Methodius was sent to prison, where he dies in 885, and after that his opponents managed to achieve the prohibition of Slavic writing in Moravia. After the adoption of Christianity, Bulgaria became the center of the spread of Slavic writing.

Here Slavic schools are created, the original Cyril and Methodius liturgical books are copied.

The widespread use of Slavic writing dates back to the reign of Simeon in Bulgaria (893-927). Later, the Old Church Slavonic language penetrated into Serbia, and at the end of the 10th century. becomes the language of the church in Kievan Rus.

Now let's go back to our time and see what modern capital letters of the Russian alphabet look like. Correct capitalization is the key to legible and beautiful handwriting.

Russian alphabet - capital letters

Russian alphabet - capital letters

Russian alphabet in pictures for children

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Writing is a universal carrier of information, religion, culture and politics. It is impossible not to note the very main role of the Russian state’s own writing: it is likely that it was the alphabet that preserved this people and did not allow them to assimilate into a foreign culture.
After all “Language is the spirit of the people”(W. Humboldt), in language is the entire worldview of a nation, the subtlest features of perception, there is no People without Language!