The fight against religious extremism and terrorism in modern society and Russia. Council of Europe and the problems of combating terrorism and extremism What is religious extremism

Large cities and public events attract not only young people, but also great danger. In recent years, cases of terrorist attacks that claim the lives of innocent people have become more frequent. How to avoid ending up in a dangerous situation and what should you do to protect yourself? Read our material.

Most of us think that we are safe 24 hours a day and that our loved ones cannot find themselves in a difficult situation. Since the beginning of 2017, 12 out of 13 terrorist attacks have been prevented in Russia, and an explosion in the St. Petersburg metro killed 11 people.

All terrorist attempts were prevented in crowded places (public transport, shopping centers, on the street, during major events, etc.). Before you go out, remember that it is important to control the situation around you, especially when you are in crowded places, in shopping centers or on public transport.

If you find yourself in a dangerous situation and become a hostage of terrorists, remember the basic rules of behavior:

• Comply with all requirements if they do not threaten your health and life;
• Carefully consider the place you are in and determine the most possible escape routes;
• Try to blend in with the group of hostages;
• If you need to move, be sure to ask permission so as not to provoke terrorists;
• Give up, without resistance, all your personal belongings that the terrorists demand from you;
• When using force to free hostages, strictly follow all orders from intelligence agencies;
• When shooting, lie down on the floor or take cover, but do not run anywhere;
• If you have been released, be sure to tell the police about the number of invaders, their location, the characteristics of their behavior and the number of armed people in the room.

It also happens that we may face the consequences of a terrorist attack, and then you will need to follow the correct steps during the evacuation.

Remember what you need:

• Take documents, money and a minimum number of things;
• Turn off gas, water and electricity;
• Help elderly and seriously ill people who find themselves in the same situation as you;
• Lock all doors.

The holiday and its appearance are inextricably linked with the history of the tragic events of 2004, when 1,128 people were taken hostage by terrorists on the grounds of a school in Beslan. During the monstrous actions of the criminals, 350 people died and over 500 people were injured. It was a common tragedy for Russians and all concerned people!

We remember all the victims of terrorist attacks and take part in anti-terrorist activities that allow all our loved ones to learn how to behave and what needs to be done so that terrorism does not win!

When committing any crime (offense), you must contact the internal affairs authorities at the first opportunity. It should be remembered that the sooner a victim or witness contacts the police, the greater the chance of finding and detaining the criminal. It is desirable that, in addition to the time and place of the crime, information (signs) of the criminal and information about the stolen items should be provided.

In our time, terrorism poses a direct threat to the life and well-being of citizens of any country in the world. A particular danger is posed by religious extremism, the origins of which are in fundamentalism, which has captured the minds of millions of believers.

As it turned out, public, state and scientific institutions were not prepared for such a powerful surge of terrorism based on spiritual contradictions.

What is religious extremism

This concept implies a type of radicalism that has developed on the basis of a hostile perception of a particular religious ideology.

Origin of the term

The term “extremist” appeared at the beginning of the last century. French political scientist M. Leroy thus designated members of political parties or groups united on the basis of faith, fanatically devoted to their ideas, ready to sacrifice everything, including life, for their implementation. In particular, against the background of the then revolution in the Russian Empire, he called the Bolsheviks and monarchists “red” and “white” extremists.

Meaning of the concept

Concept “extremism” comes from the Latin “extremus” (extreme) and denotes the unconditional adherence of certain individuals to extreme political or religious views, which forces them to commit actions aimed at radically changing the currently existing situation contrary to generally accepted canons.

In particular, spiritual radicalism finds expression in intolerance towards people professing other religions.

Extremism and terrorism

Both terms can be understood both as a specific ideology and as an action aimed at its implementation. Despite the common approach to the main criteria, their essence is different: “extremism” is a much broader concept than “terrorism”.

If the first concept is interpreted as a worldview, then the second is activity based on this worldview. An Islamic fundamentalist is not necessarily a terrorist if his radicalism does not go beyond the generally accepted norms of behavior, that is, he does not commit any violent actions against representatives of other religions.

However, religious extremism and terrorism form a single whole.

History of the phenomenon

Terrorism with religious roots originated many thousands of years ago, when in Ancient Egypt, Pharaoh Akhenaten announced the replacement of the cult of the god Ra with the veneration of Aten, ruthlessly suppressing the resistance of adherents of the old faith.

Much later, pagan Rome practiced terror against Christians. So, in 259, right during the liturgy, the Romans killed Bishop Sixtus II and the priests who served him.

In the Middle Ages, in many countries of the world, secret sects arose among various cults, such as the Sicarii, Fidai and Assassins. It is believed that they became the founders of modern religious-terrorist organizations.

Reasons for appearance

The main reason for the emergence of “extreme” views among religious youth, the main contingent of extremist formations, can be said to be the fact that they do not have sufficient knowledge about the essence of religion itself. This applies to Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism, along with all other cults. It is spiritual and intellectual ignorance that brings boys and girls into an environment where rejection of dissent is cultivated.

As for the general causes of modern radicalism in general and religious in particular, the main one among them is the inability of state and public institutions to solve the national, religious, and economic problems that have arisen in the country.

Sometimes the state is unable to peacefully resolve territorial claims caused by the discrepancy between ethnic and religious borders, nip separatist tendencies in the bud, ensure the preservation of national, cultural or religious identity, and equalize the rights and material well-being of all ethnic groups of the state. It is likely that in such a state, sooner or later, protest groups will arise that choose violence as a method of achieving their goals.

Development and distribution

The rapid development and widespread spread of religious radicalism is caused by the desire of certain social formations to use inter-religious differences to achieve power, which is inextricably linked with financial interests.

Apart from the problem of confrontation between Catholics and Anglicans in Ulster, which has largely lost its relevance, then in the global system of extremist structures, which includes about 150 large and small groups, the main role is played by Islamist terrorist organizations.

Al-Qaeda, Hamaz, Hezbollah, Islamic Jihad and others, which emerged in the last century, entered the political arena as groups of fighters for the rights of certain ethnic groups, faiths and political forces, and over the years have become accustomed to active combat resistance.

The coming to power of the forces they supported and the “officialization” of previously illegal structures did not abolish them, but turned them into terrorist organizations.

The development of fundamentalism in Islamic countries has already given rise in our time to a global conflict of “religious worlds” instead of the balanced secular world order established in the last century.

Further fate

Researchers assess the prospects for the future development of religious radicalism in different ways. Some argue that soon, thanks to the actions of the forces of the international community, it will come to naught. The majority is inclined to conclude that terrorism, this powerful tool that is used not only against the authorities, but often by the authorities themselves, can be temporarily encapsulated in order to deliver a decisive blow at a moment determined by its leaders.

The fact is that international terrorism is not only a military structure, but also a generator of ideological sabotage, and, as we know, it is very difficult to resist such a method of struggle. The experience of the counter-terrorism fight shows that any attempts to come to an agreement with fundamentalists are doomed to failure, as are attempts to stay away from the problem.

At the moment, none of the prerequisites for the development of radicalism have been eliminated. Therefore, experts predict the long-term nature, and, moreover, the intensification of all types of terrorism, including religious terrorism.

Current situation

If in the middle of the last century no one thought about the threat to humanity from Orthodox believers, then already at the end of it, the dependence of terrorist acts on the confrontation of different faiths began to grow like an avalanche. Already in 1995, a quarter of international terrorist attacks and more than half of the deaths were attributed to religiously oriented groups.

With the advent of the 21st century, radicalism of this kind almost supplanted all other types of it, evidence of which we see every day in the news feeds of news agencies.

Despite the fact that Islamic terrorism clearly prevails, there have also been attempts by other cults to organize large-scale actions. In the USA, the Christian sect “Covenant, Sword and Hand of the Lord” at the end of the last century made plans to poison water supplies with cyanide and thus “accelerate” the second coming of Christ. A little later, the well-known sect “Aum Shinrikyo” not only carried out a chemical attack in the subway of the capital of Japan, but also prepared a number of other attacks.

Extremist activity

This term refers to practical steps aimed at implementing the ideological principles of extremists.

Essence and signs

The inner essence of the phenomenon of religious radicalism is intolerance towards believers of other faiths or a violent change in the existing situation within one confession. Extreme manifestations of spiritual confrontation are accompanied by isolationism, rejection of foreign cultures and the violent imposition of one's own standards of ethics, morality and religious practice.

Signs Religious radicalism includes, first of all, fanaticism with which the bearer of one religion forces representatives of other faiths to follow their principles, regardless of their interests.

A person prone to radicalism often exaggerates elements of religious practice and church regulations, forcing those around him to also excessively demonstrate their adherence to religious doctrine.

When communicating with people, such people show rudeness and categoricalness, and extremes in their behavior relate not only to religious, but also to other areas of life.

Extremists are very active people, and their activities are destructive in nature, expressed in causing harm to both the foundations of law and order and interpersonal relationships during their protest actions.

The goal and ideology of extremists

The main goal of spiritual radicalism is the elevation of one's own religion at the expense of suppressing others. At the same time, the task is often set of building a special state, as in the case of ISIS, based on the principles of forcing all its citizens to follow the principles of their cult, replacing civil legal norms with religious ones.

The ideology of such movements is based on fanaticism, which, in the absence of restraining factors, turns into extremism and terrorism. Recreating society in the form in which it existed at the time of the birth of religion is one of the ideological foundations of fundamentalist fanatics, who usually appeal to authoritative religious teachings to confirm their principles. Claiming to have the only correct interpretation of them, they at the same time deny everything that does not fit into the outline of their worldview.

In the process of promoting their ideology, extremists use emotional influence on people, appealing to their feelings rather than their reason. In this regard, it is important to note the tendency to endow the leader of the movement with charisma and infallibility, while their very religiosity is in great question.

Manifestations of extremism

Among the specific manifestations of spiritual radicalism there are both violent, that is, terror, and non-violent, propaganda in nature. Among the latter are the distribution of relevant printed and electronic materials, ostentatious charity of people and structures that have proven themselves to be extremists, and the organization of training for specialists needed by a particular organization.

It is also practiced to create various institutions and centers in which people who end up there are drawn into exoteric disciplines, as a result of which many lose their will and become members of one or another extremist structures.

As for the terrorist acts that were provoked by a radical attitude towards religion, their examples are terrifying.

In 2017, 348 terrorist attacks were carried out using suicide bombers alone in 23 countries. They involved 623 terrorists, including 137 women. As a result of terrorist attacks in one year, 4,310 people were killed and about seven thousand were injured.

Various Islamist groups have claimed responsibility for these tragedies.

Possible consequences

The consequences of crimes committed by spiritual terrorists can occur either immediately after the terrorist attack or be calculated by extremists for the long term.

Among them the most real:

• seizure of financial assets and property from the population;
• “zombifying” people using various types of programming;
• the transformation of latent religious and ethnic strife into full-scale wars;
• violation of legal rights guaranteed to citizens by the Constitution of a particular country;
• slowdown and cessation of economic growth;
• increased rates of suicide and mental illness;
• destruction of historical and cultural monuments;
• the emergence of anarchy in society;
• subordination of the educational process to clerical systems;
• paralysis of state and local government;
• uncontrolled distribution of drugs.

Forms of extremism

Sociologists and political scientists believe that there is a relationship between religious and non-religious extremism, and identify several forms in which they manifest themselves.

Social

Social , or as it is called, domestic terrorism is embodied in the constant intimidation that occurs in everyday life. Its signs are street crime, instability of social and economic life, unsettled everyday life, and an abundance of marginalized people in society.

Ethnic

Ethnic radicalism is considered an extreme form of struggle against real or imaginary violation of the interests of certain ethnic groups. It is based on nationalism, manifested in various forms - from everyday ethnophobia to chauvinism.

Political

Political terrorism implies actions aimed at putting pressure on political leaders or government structures aimed at changing their policies or making certain decisions beneficial to radicals. The Russian martyrology of political terrorism includes the murders of journalists Dmitry Kholodov, Anna Politkovskaya, General Lev Rokhlin, Chechen leader Akhmat Kadyrov, public figures Galina Starovoytova and Boris Nemtsov.

The murders in modern Russia of Muslim leaders such as Umar Idrisov and Magomed Dolkaev from Chechnya, Abubekir Kurdzhiev from Karachay-Cherkessia, Kurbanmagomed Ramazanov from Dagestan, Anas-haji Pshikhachev from Kabardino-Balkaria, Ildus Fayzov from Tatarstan and many others, have, in First of all, religious and political subtext.

Religious

Radicalism based on faith sets the task of restructuring the world in accordance with religious beliefs. Spiritual radicals deny the existing system of religious values ​​in society, wanting to spread their beliefs to the entire society.

Despite the fact that terrorism is now associated mainly with Islam, religious radicals are found not only among Muslims. In Germany, cases of violence against emigrants by Germans who position themselves as Christians have been recorded, and in Russia there are many latent extremists who, under the brand of Orthodoxy, propagate Russian chauvinism.

Sectarians, also considered Christians, call on their fellow believers to ignore the secular nature of the state and refuse passports with a Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN). Neo-pagans organize gatherings in remote places, during which they pray to the ancient gods to send misfortunes upon Christians. Satanists in many cities of Russia and other countries are actively attracting young people, seduced by the practice of permissiveness.

In Myanmar, Buddhists forced hundreds of thousands of Rohingya Muslims to flee the country; Hindus have been in conflict for many years with Muslims from Pakistan, which claims part of Indian territory.

In general, spiritual terrorism is any manifestation of aggression on the part of radical believers, who today exist in almost all cults on the planet and want to win for their faith the status of, if not the only, then the dominant one.

The quintessence of this phenomenon was the slogan of Islamic fundamentalists “Death to all infidels.” The fact is that, despite the peace-loving statements of most Muslim priests, Islam is based on the principle that it is not just a faith, but a system of political, ideological and social views, destined from above to rise above all other religions. Based on this, it is Islam that must rule the world, and whoever does not recognize this will be destroyed.

How to fight extremism and terrorism

Countering extremist activities - a difficult but solvable task. This is long, painstaking work that involves risk. We must not forget that faith is perhaps the most powerful weapon in the conditions of our planet, and fanaticism very seriously opposes the fighters against terrorism.

Fighting methods

Based on many years of experience, the fight against this kind of radicalism solely by methods of repression does not bring decisive success. If you have to fight bandits with military weapons in your hands, then it is impossible to shoot at ideology. Therefore, it must be countered by the power of persuasion based on intellect and enlightenment.

In recent years, we have seen more than one example when quite prosperous young people left everything and went to fight for the ideals of Islamism. Suffice it to recall the case of Moscow State University student Varvara Karaulova. To avoid such unfortunate cases, it is necessary to instill in people from childhood respect for other nations, religions, and simply for their neighbors. To give the rudiments of legal literacy, to educate and convince of the original equality of all in the face of the Law of God and man.

It is necessary to purposefully and systematically tell on the pages of the press, on the Internet and television programs both about the true goals of extremists and about the activities of religious denominations that have not fallen into radicalism, to inform about the good that clergy bring to people who have rejected fanaticism as a mortal sin.

A large role in the fight against various kinds of radicals is given to media monitoring, as well as the work of law enforcement agencies to monitor and eradicate the activities of destructive groups masquerading under the guise of religious organizations.

A huge role in this work is given to the spiritual leaders of all confessions of the Russian Federation. After all, they are the ones who can convince their parishioners that any radicalism brings nothing but evil.

Prevention methods

In the long term, the prevention of terrorism on interfaith grounds comes to the fore. In this vein, the socio-political situation, especially in disadvantaged regions, can be improved by using means of psychological control over potential carriers of radical ideas.

To do this, in the media and in educational institutions, starting from the elementary grades, it is necessary to expose the inhuman nature of spiritual fanaticism, explain the utopianism of the hope of conquering world domination, show the inferiority of destructive organizations using specific examples and, conversely, promote the ideology of humanism in every possible way.

Video

This video shows footage of the largest terrorist attack in history, which occurred on September 11, 2001 in New York.

The fight against political extremism and terrorism: problems of study

Political terrorism has become a factor in political life and has become one of the main security threats in the world. The murders of government officials, representatives of the media, entrepreneurs and financiers, mass deaths of people in explosions in transport, at train stations, and in other public places cause not only fear among the world community, but also a demand to strengthen the fight against violence. political terrorism extremism

Political terrorism showed particular activity in the middle of the 19th century, when political assassinations followed one after another; At the same time, a tendency to carry out terrorist acts against high-ranking state and political figures, often leading to mass casualties among the population, clearly emerged. Thus, as a result of one of the three attempts on Napoleon III, committed by F. Orsini, 137 (according to other sources - 140) people were killed and wounded. 1 In Russia, the Narodnaya Volya “hunt” for Alexander II was also accompanied by numerous casualties and ended in a national tragedy.

Terror became the main instrument of struggle between revolution and counter-revolution during a period of deep social upheaval: the severity of the contradictions and the level of political culture of each of the warring parties suggested one outcome - the liquidation of the opponent. 2

Russian terrorist experts M. Odessky and D. Feldman argue that terror as a method of control was “discovered” by the Great French Revolution and then received its ideological justification. The very term “terreur”, i.e. “horror”, “intimidation”, entered the political lexicon in 1792: the revolution gave birth to this word, as a new phenomenon arose that required a name. 3 According to K. Marx, “French terrorism was nothing more than a plebeian way of dealing with the enemies of the bourgeoisie, with absolutism, feudalism and philistinism.” 4

The most important feature of terrorism as a political phenomenon is its ideological support. Moreover, both the ideas of “classical” anarchism and terrorism of the 19th century, leftist and Trotskyist concepts, extremist theories of revolution (Dobre, Fanon), and the ideas of “leftist” Freudianism and existentialism, the Frankfurt school and partly the theorists of “counterculture”, the concepts of F. Nietzsche, G. Le Bon, A. Drexler and others. Ideologists of terrorism see its causes in the inherent human desire for violence. Another source of terrorism is considered to be the influence of totalitarian dictatorships.

The dictionary “Political Criminology” gives the following definition of political terrorism: “... a set of violent armed criminal acts committed by political subjects in order to change or terminate the activities of constitutional bodies of state power, senior officials of a national or foreign state, or the international community, or prominent political figures (leaders of political public associations or international organizations), or changes in the external or internal borders of a state in a certain state (or group of states), region over a certain period of time. Political terrorism has many faces. As a rule, political terrorism is divided into several types: radical-left (leftist) terrorism, right-wing extremist terrorism, nationalist terrorism.” 5

Many scientists consider political terrorism as a special type of power relations - phobocracy (from the Greek phobos - fear, horror and kratos - strength, power, domination), an extreme version of military power. 6 Its immediate victims are military and political figures, but often ordinary citizens. Phobocracy justifies itself by the need to shake society to its foundations, destroy the existing system as worthless and establish a new system endowed with ideal features. In this case, the victims of society are enormous, and the successes of the “power of fear” are fleeting and episodic, because all types of political terrorism are characterized by the substitution of goals with means that become the dominant activity of terrorists.

Political terrorism is the illegal creation of politics. Politics is a social activity in the political sphere of society, aimed primarily at achieving, maintaining, strengthening and exercising power; relations between social groups and their leaders regarding state power, activities in the field of relations between states and their unions. But at the same time, politics is hardly possible without violence. 7

Underestimation of active political action usually leads to passive waiting, which creates a favorable environment for disrespect for the existing legal order. Conversely, neglect of the fundamental interests of society and the economy, belief in the omnipotence of politics, manifested in subjectivism, arbitrariness, and adventurism, leads to political failures. In both cases, the ground is created for the manifestation of political terrorism, which arises against the background of intentional or unintentional complicity of the authorities, or when the authorities themselves slide into the use of illegal means and methods of struggle.

Modern political terrorism is “acts of violence committed by individuals, organizations or government agencies aimed at eliminating undesirable government or political figures and destabilizing the state's legal order in order to achieve certain political results.” 8

It is necessary to distinguish political terrorism from political extremism, a similar but not identical phenomenon. The concept of extremism is much broader: terrorist methods are often used by extremist organizations to achieve their goals. The origins of extremism, as well as terrorism, are rooted in the same prerequisites: socio-economic crises, a sharp decline in the living standards of the bulk of the population, the deformation and crisis of the authorities themselves, unable to resolve issues of social development, the totalitarian nature of regimes (including “pseudo-democratic”), suppression of the opposition by the authorities, persecution of any dissent, national oppression, the desire of social (political) groups to accelerate the implementation of the tasks they put forward, the political ambitions of their leaders, etc.

In the political sphere, extremism opposes established state, public institutions and structures, seeking to undermine their stability, undermine and overthrow them in order to achieve its goals, usually by force. For this purpose, incendiary slogans and appeals, outright demagoguery and organized unrest, strikes, civil disobedience, terrorist acts, methods of guerrilla warfare, etc. are used. At the same time, extremists deny the very possibility of any compromises, negotiations, or agreements based on mutual concessions. In their actions, extremists are guided by the slogan “all or nothing.”

The ideology of extremism denies dissent and rigidly asserts its own system of political, ideological, and religious views. From their supporters, extremists demand blind obedience and execution of any, even the most absurd, orders and instructions. The argumentation of extremism is addressed not to reason, but to the prejudices and feelings of people. Taken to the extreme, the ideologization of extremist actions creates a special type of supporters of extremism, prone to self-excitation, loss of control over their behavior, ready for any action, to violate the norms established in society. Extremists are characterized by a desire for ochlocracy, the rule of the “crowd”; they reject democratic methods for resolving conflicts that arise. Extremism is inseparable from totalitarianism, the cult of leaders - bearers of the highest wisdom, whose ideas should be perceived by the masses solely on faith.

The mass base of extremism, as a rule, consists of people from the petty-bourgeois and marginal strata, as well as part of the intelligentsia, certain groups of the military, students, nationalist and religious movements disillusioned with the existing order.

Among the many forms of extremism, political extremism should be highlighted. It is aimed at the destruction of existing state structures and the establishment of a dictatorship of a totalitarian “order” of the “left” or “right” persuasion. Political extremism is generally an anti-constitutional activity. It is dangerous, first of all, for statehood itself. His ultimate goal is to acquire the power necessary “to establish a regime of monopoly rule by a force that genetically does not tolerate any opposition and will suppress “opponents” that interfere with it through extralegal violence.” 9

Political extremism is a complex socio-political phenomenon that has accompanied humanity for centuries. In modern conditions, due to the intensification of contradictions in society, the crisis state of social relations, there is a sharp intensification of political confrontation, the use of anti-constitutional forms of political struggle in the practice of resolving political conflicts, along with civilized, legal methods. Political extremism today is developing into a number of phenomena that pose a real threat to the national security of Russia, the vital interests of the individual, society and the state. Currently, extremist actions such as terrorist attacks, calls for a violent seizure of power, threats to government and public figures, political leaders and activists, hostage-taking, blocking of administrative buildings and institutions, picketing and shelling of foreign missions, mass riots and others are becoming systemic. acts of violence. The emergence and active activity of illegal armed groups, the conduct of large-scale military operations by terrorists in Budennovsk and Kizlyar, the implementation of a whole series of terrorist actions, including the use of explosive devices, showed that the most important objects of political extremism have become constitutional individual rights, life, health and freedom of people .

Some authors separately highlight criminal political extremism, i.e. the use of violence by political subjects to achieve their political goals or ensure their activities in both foreign and domestic politics. In foreign policy, criminal political extremism manifests itself through international political crime and international political terrorism; internally - in the form of totalitarian crime, domestic political terrorism, riotous crime, political banditry, political racketeering, political vandalism. 10

Political extremism poses a great danger in the sphere of interethnic and religious relations. Armed conflicts, military actions arising on the southern part of Russia's borders, and the influence of Islamic fundamentalism give a powerful impetus to the development of political extremism committed on an ethno-confessional basis and pose a threat to the territorial integrity of Russia and its constitutional order.

Political extremism is an international phenomenon. Among the left-oriented extremist organizations known for their activity abroad are such as the Red Brigades (Italy), the Red Army Faction - RAF (Germany), Action Direct (France), ETA (Spain) and others. The right includes the National Socialist Action Front (Germany), the Peiper Group (Italy), the New Forces Party (France), the International League for the Victory over Communism (Japan), etc. Despite the difference in their ideological platforms , the forms and methods of extremist activities of these organizations are similar.

Having gone beyond state borders and supported by a system of broad organizational connections, political extremism poses a threat to subjects of international relations, the policy of peaceful cooperation between states, and international security in general, therefore the fight against it is not only a state, but also an international problem.

Political extremism is one of the most multifaceted problems in modern political science and political sociology. In recent years, there have been active scientific debates regarding its essence and content, and its connection with other phenomena of social life.

There is no generally accepted strict definition of political extremism in the philosophical and political literature. Its interpretation is extremely broad and often combines disparate phenomena: from various forms of class and liberation struggle, accompanied by the use of political violence, to crimes committed by irresponsible semi-criminal elements, political crooks or hired agents and provocateurs. Political extremism is often understood as a political attitude (or position) that rejects compromises with the opposing side and reflects the most aggressive attitudes of the subject; and as a variety of existing political movements located on the extreme left or extreme right political positions; and as a method of political struggle that rejects coordination and cooperation with political opponents or adversaries; and as a negative social protest that arises at levels - society, classes, individual social strata, ethno-national and professional groups within different territorial boundaries and on different ideological, psychological and political bases.

Special works devoted directly to political extremism are very few. This phenomenon has not yet become the subject of comprehensive scientific understanding. Until the mid-1980s in the USSR, the topic of political extremism was not subjected to any analysis in relation to the internal situation due to the irrelevance of the problem itself. The study of foreign material was predominantly narrow in nature due to significant ideological difficulties, which made them more journalistic than strictly scientific, containing a constructive analysis of the phenomenon of political extremism.

Many researchers who have studied the problem of political extremism note the great difficulties associated with developing an adequate theoretical definition of this phenomenon, which is explained, firstly, by the complexity of the phenomenon itself:

historical variability and numerous variants of combinations along the subject-object line;

secondly, ideological saturation, ideological, political and socio-philosophical attitudes and preferences of the researcher, a certain bias and ideological and political engagement in the interpretation of this concept;

thirdly, relativity, the possibility of inversion of the concept under study; finally,

fourthly, the presence of a moral criterion, a moral component.

Political extremism is an axiological concept; it not only reflects a certain type of activity of political subjects, but also contains a purely negative assessment of it, emphasizes destructiveness and identification with evil in its socio-political dimension. Naturally, each researcher reserves the right to his own ethical interpretation of the facts of political life.

Due to the diversity of interpretations, some researchers propose to consider the concept of “political extremism” in a narrow and broad sense. To characterize the current moment, a narrow interpretation of political extremism is often sufficient as the illegal activity of political movements and parties, as well as officials and ordinary citizens, aimed at violently changing the existing political system and inciting national and social hatred.

Political extremism in this understanding is characterized by the following features: illegitimate political activity, especially illegal violence; extreme forms of nationalism, racism or social class antagonism; simplicity and general accessibility of ideology, the ability to offer “simple” methods and solutions to the most complex problems of social life and convince the masses of the possibility of their successful implementation in practice.

A broad interpretation of the concept of “political extremism” is based on the general linguistic use of the word “extremism” (from the Latin extremus - extreme): commitment to extreme measures, actions, views, decisions. A broad interpretation of political extremism means its characterization as an all-encompassing, historically changing socio-political phenomenon, which is a system of ideological positions and attitudes, as well as practical actions, which are characterized by the use of violence or the threat of its use in relation to authorities and management opposing political entities , international and national organizations, individual citizens, the population of a country or region in order to force state and political structures to take actions beneficial to extremist forces.

Political extremism is understood as such activity of political subjects, which is expressed in the desire of certain politically active individuals, social groups, ruling elites and counter-elites to realize their political ideals and achieve their goals by all available means, including various forms of violent influence aimed at state power, society as a whole or any of its elements, international organizations, as well as the ideologies that justify and justify this violence.

The Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism of June 15, 2001 defines extremism as “... any act aimed at the forcible seizure of power or the forcible retention of power, as well as the forcible change of the constitutional system of the state, as well as violent encroachment on public safety, including the organization of illegal armed groups for the above purposes or participation in them.” eleven

Until 2002, Russian legislation did not have a definition of extremism. The Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2000, especially emphasized that in the internal political sphere of Russia the priorities are “preserving the stability of the constitutional system, institutions of state power, ensuring civil peace and national harmony, territorial integrity, unity of legal space, law and order and in completing the process of formation of a democratic society, as well as in neutralizing the causes and conditions contributing to the emergence of political and religious extremism, ethnic separatism and their consequences - social, interethnic and religious conflicts.” 12

However, to date, the phenomenon of extremism has not received proper legal assessment in Russian legislation. It is no coincidence that the problem of defining terrorism in legal science is often linked to the lack of a clear, scientifically based distinction between extremism and terrorism.

It is impossible to build a mechanism for protecting against the terrorist threat without studying its nature and genesis. In order to effectively counter terrorism and prevent its actions, it is necessary to identify, carefully analyze and understand the root causes of terrorism.

According to most researchers, political extremism is a historically and socially conditioned phenomenon, its emergence and reproduction is caused by a combination of objective and subjective reasons of a social, economic, national, ideological, and psychological nature.

In relation to the Russian situation, the most significant reasons are the collapse of a single state and the strengthening of separatism and nationalism; a deep systemic crisis that has affected all spheres of life, and as a consequence - a deterioration in the socio-economic situation of the population, an increase in the proportion of marginalized and lumpenized sections of society, and an increase in social tension in society; the struggle for power of political parties and movements; criminalization of society and politicization of criminality; legal nihilism of citizens. 13

According to foreign researchers, political terrorism became a phenomenon of political life in the late 60s and early 70s of the 20th century. 14 In domestic science, the emergence of political terrorism dates back to the first quarter of the 19th century. 15

Of interest is the study “The Poetics of Terror” conducted by M. F. Odessky and D. M. Feldman, 16 in which it convincingly proves that the term “terror” came to Russia from France.

In recent years, works on international terrorism have been published abroad. 17

Russian scientists have studied the role of the world community in the fight against terrorism at the end of the 19th century, 18 its first attempts to jointly counter the growing threat. This role is assessed positively by researchers: the intensification of anti-terrorist efforts by European states contributed to the fact that terrorism in Russia has declined.

At the end of the 1990s, the problem of terrorism was considered mainly from a historical perspective: its place in the Russian liberation movement of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries; political terrorism of the Socialist Revolutionary Party of the early 20th century; opposition to terrorism of the administrative and police bodies of Tsarist Russia. 19

The next wave of terror in Russia arose after October 1917. The country's leadership did not abandon terrorist methods, which were actively used in the struggle for power, even after the end of the civil war. Since the late 1920s, terror has been actively used as a means of strengthening and centralizing state power. Several works have been devoted to the study of this phenomenon, especially in the 1990s. 20 However, a number of authors, while recognizing the fact of state terrorism carried out in the pre-war Soviet Union, do not take into account the atmosphere of counteraction to fascism. Moreover, some researchers are trying to equate the concepts of “socialism” and “fascism”. 21 Such superficiality of analysis or political bias of some researchers leads to the equation of completely incompatible concepts. Thus, in one of the works, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler and Pol Pot are named as the leaders of the “red-brown despotisms”. 22 With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the scale of political repression in the USSR decreased sharply. During the war and post-war times, two regions emerged in the country where political terrorism was actively manifested - the Baltic states and Western Ukraine. 23

By the early 1950s, terrorism as one of the most effective tools of organized political struggle against the existing system in the USSR had lost its significance, since the organizational structures of separatist terrorism themselves had been eliminated by that time. It can be argued that from the mid-50s to the end of the 80s of the XX century. terrorism as a systemic socio-political phenomenon has disappeared from the life of the state and society. But there were exceptions. A striking example of the use of politically motivated violence is the series of explosions carried out in Moscow at the end of 1978 by members of the illegal Dashnaktsutyun party Zatikyan, Stepanyan and Bagdasaryan, who, in their words, fought “against the Soviet system.” 24 Despite the manifestations of terrorism and the carrying out of terrorist acts in the USSR, the problem under consideration has practically not been studied by domestic scientists. Some works of the Soviet period did not go beyond the scope of problems outlined by monoideology, in which terrorism was considered as a social phenomenon inherent in bourgeois society and acting as their political weapon. 25 The weakening of total state control in Russia and the USSR in the late 50s - early 60s of the XX century. led to the reproduction of crime according to global laws and the emergence of acts of terrorism on the part of the population against the ruling elite. With the collapse of the USSR and radical changes in many spheres of society, terrorism spread to the entire post-communist space. In this regard, the problem of terrorism has become the subject of research by domestic scientists. 26 With all the objective complexity of conducting research in this area, additional difficulties inevitably arise: terrorism as a phenomenon has been studied in various aspects - philosophical, political, historical, psychological, legal, journalistic and many others, and all researchers have considered this phenomenon from their own positions, giving the concept of “terrorism” has its own interpretation. Therefore, not so much the legal as the everyday understanding prevailed in the literature, which was enshrined in a number of international documents. 27

Many authors, going beyond the scope of the law itself, classify as terrorism, on the one hand, banditry, contract killings, hooliganism, conspiracy to seize power, military mutinies, street riots and causing bodily harm - i.e., everything that generally associated with violence, 28 on the other hand, they classify terrorist acts as a type of banditry, along with acts of corruption and the above-mentioned criminal attacks. 29. Against this background and in the legal literature, terminological inaccuracies arise, due to which some researchers do not see the difference between terrorism and aggression, 30 others - between terrorism and piracy, 31 others - between terrorism and terror, classifying dictatorial acts as manifestations of terrorism and fascist regimes, religious and civil wars, etc. 32

Currently, there are two main directions in the study of this issue. The first direction is related to the study of terrorism as an international legal category of a political nature. For well-known reasons, it was dominant in our legal literature until the early 90s of the 20th century. The most notable developments in this direction were made in the scientific works of N. S. Beglova, V. I. Blishchenko, I. P. Blishchenko, T. S. Boyar-Sozonovich, L. N. Galenskaya, N. V. Zhdanov, I. I. Karpets, E. G. Lyakhov, S. A. Malinin, L. A. Modzhoryan, Yu. A. Reshetov, I. E. Tarkhanov and other scientists. Recent years have been marked by the emergence of scientific research in a different direction, considering the problem of terrorism purely from criminal law and criminological positions. The most thorough developments in this direction were carried out by Yu. M. Antonyan, V. P. Emelyanov, M. P. Kireev, V. S. Komissarov, V. V. Luneev, G. M. Minkovsky, A. V. Naumov, V. E. Petrishchev, Yu. S. Romashev, K. N. Salimov, V. V. Ustinov and many others. 33

Among the recent works of international lawyers, one can note the doctoral dissertation of N. I. Kostenko, one of the sections of which is devoted to the study of the concept of the crime of international terrorism and its qualifying features. 34

The second direction is related to the study of modern political extremism and terrorism in Russia. It is studied by domestic scientists of many scientific specialties - lawyers, historians, sociologists, political scientists, philosophers; A number of monographs, brochures, scientific articles, 35 dissertation studies 36 and numerous works by the author of this article are devoted to this topic. 37

• 1 Vityuk V.V., Efirov S.A. “Left” terrorism in the West: history and modernity. M., 1987. pp. 19-20.
• 2 Political Science: Encyclopedic Dictionary / Author. Col.: Yu. I. Averyanov, S. G. Aivazov, T. A. Alekseeva et al. M., 1993. P. 372-373.
• 3 DuknotL. Machine of terrorism. Paris, 1978. P. 6.
• 4 Marx K., Engels F. Sobr. op. 2nd ed. T. 6. P. 114.
• 5 Kabanov P. A., Mulyukov Sh. M. Political criminology: Dictionary. Kirov, 2001. pp. 71-72.
• 6 Political science yesterday and today. Vol. 2. M., 1990. P. 58--59.
• 7 Psychology of dominance and submission / Comp. A. G. Chernyavskaya. Minsk, 1998. P. 63.
• 8 Modzhoryan L. A. Terrorism: truth and fiction. M., 1983. P. 14.
• 9 Russian newspaper. 1998. 30 Dec. 1 Kabanov P. A., Mulyukov Sh. M. Political criminology. pp. 32-33.
• 11 Quoted. by: Ustinov V. Extremism and terrorism. Problems of delimitation and classification // Russian justice. 2002. No. 5. P. 34.
• 12 Quoted. by: Ustinov V. Extremism and terrorism. Problems of delimitation and classification. P. 34.
• 13 Petrishchev V. E. Notes on terrorism. M., 2001. P. 64; Burlakov V.N., Volkov Yu.N., Salnikov V.P. Political regime and crime: Problems of political criminology. St. Petersburg, 2001. P. 358.
• 14 See, for example: International Terrorism as a Political Weapon / Norw. Atlant. Comm. Oslo, 1988; Terrorism and political violence: limits and possibilities of legal control / Ed. N. N. Han. New York; Rome, 1993; and Yar.
• 15 See, for example: Nechiporenko O. M. Origins and specifics of Russian political terrorism // Current problems of Europe. 1997. No. 4. pp. 165-172.
• 16 Odessky M. F., Feldman D. M. Poetics of terror. M., 1997.
• 17 A history of terrorism/ Ed. W. Laquer. New Brussels (N.J.), 2001; Aviation terrorism and security/ Eds. P. Wilkinson, B.-M. Jenkins. , 1999; The globalization of terrorism/ Ihekwoaba D. Onwudive. Aldershot (Engl.); Burlington (Vt.), 2001; Toxic terror-- assessing terrorist use of chemical and biological weapons / Ed. J.-B. Tucker. Cambridge, 2000.
• 18 See, for example: Chirki V.A. International cooperation of law enforcement agencies in the fight against anarcho-terrorism in the pre-revolutionary period // Problems of the fight against terrorism at the present stage. Vladimir, 1996.
• 19 Budnitsky O.V. Terrorism in the Russian liberation movement: Ideology, ethics, psychology: the second half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century: Dis. ...Dr. history Sci. M., 1998; Kukanov A.V. State power and political terrorism of the party and socialist revolutionaries (1900-1905): Dis. ...cand. history Sci. St. Petersburg, 1997; Troshin N.V. Administrative and police bodies of Tsarist Russia in the fight against extremism and terror in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries: Dis. ...cand. history Sci. Vladimir, 2000.
• 20 Zenkovich N. Leaders at gunpoint: terrorist attacks and staging. Minsk, 1996; Stetsovsky Yu. I. History of Soviet repressions: In 2 vols. M., 1997; Sudoplatov P. A. Intelligence and the Kremlin. M., 1996; and etc.
• 21 See, for example: Nechiporenko O. M. State and prospects for the development of terrorism at the turn of the 20th century // Analysis of systems on the threshold of the 21st century: theory and practice: Materials of the International. conf. Moscow, February 27-29. 1996 / Ed. G. N. Zholobova. T. 4. M., 1997. P. 439.
• 22 Antonyan Yu. M. Terrorism: Criminological and criminal legal research. M., 1998. P. 135.
• 23 See, for example: Belyaev V.P. I accuse! 2nd ed. M., 1984. P. 222.
• 24 Bobkov F.D. The Kremlin and power. M., 1995. P. 290.
• 25 Afanasyev N. N. Operation “Pegasus”: Terrorism and aggression in the arsenal of imperialism. M., 1987; Bolshakov V.V. Terrorism American style. M., 1983; Kovalev E.V., Malyshev V.V. Terror: inspirers and perpetrators. M., 1984; Modjoryan L. A. Terrorism: truth and fiction. 2nd ed. M., 1986; Tager E.M. Terrorism is a weapon of imperialism. M., 1983; and etc.
• 26 Antipenko V. F. The fight against modern terrorism: International legal approaches. Kyiv, 2002; Antonyan Yu. M. Terrorism: Criminological and criminal legal research; Atlivannikov Yu. L., Entin M. L. International fight against terrorism (legal aspects): Scientific analysis. review. M., 1988; Bastrykin A.I. International law in the fight against terrorism. L., 1990; Blishchenko I.P., Zhdanov N.V. Terrorism and international law. M., 1984; Budnitsky O. V. Terrorism in the Russian liberation movement: ideology, ethics, psychology: Second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. M., 2000; Vityuk V.V., Efirov S.A. “Left” terrorism in the West: history and modernity; Emelyanov V.P. Terrorism and terrorist crimes. Kharkov, 1997; Zamkovsky V.I., Ilchikov K.M. Terrorism is a global problem of our time. M., 1996; Lyakhov E. G. Terrorism and interstate relations. M., 1991; Lyakhov E. G., Popov A. V. Terrorism: national, regional and international control. Rostov-n/D., 1999; Morozov G.I. Terrorism is a crime against humanity. M., 1997; Ovchinnikova G.V. Terrorism. St. Petersburg, 1998; Oreshkina T. Yu. Modern terrorism and the fight against it. M., 1993; Primakov E.M. The world after September 11. M., 2002; Salimoe K. N. Modern problems of terrorism. M, 1999; TraininA. N. Terrorism as an international crime. M., 1969; Ustinov V.V. International experience in the fight against terrorism: standards and practice. M., 2002; Khlobustov O. M. Terrorism in modern Russia. M., 1996; and etc.
• 27 See, for example: Emelyanov V.P. Terrorism and crimes with signs of terrorization: criminal legal research. St. Petersburg P. 10.
• 28 See, for example: Kovalev E.V., Malyshev V.V. 1) Terror: inspirers and perpetrators. Essays on the CIA's subversive activities in Western Europe. M., 1984; 2) Behind the scenes of terror. M., 1985; Efirov S.A. An attempt on the future. Logic and futurology of “left-wing” extremism. M., 1984; History of terrorism in Russia in documents, biographies, studies/Auth.-comp. O. V. Budnitsky. Rostov n/d., 1996.
• 29 Razzakov F.I. Bandits of the times of capitalism (Chronicle of Russian crime 1992-1995). M., 1996.
• 30 Lyakhov E. G. The policy of terrorism is the policy of violence and aggression. M., 1987.
• 31 Modzhoryan L. A. Terrorism at sea: The struggle of states for the safety of maritime navigation. M., 1991. P. 37.
• 32 Antipenko V. F. Modern terrorism: the state and possibilities of its prevention (criminological research). Kyiv, 1998. P. 15--38.
• 33 See for more details: Emelyanov V.P. Terrorism and crimes with signs of terrorization: criminal legal research. St. Petersburg, 2002. P. 15.
• 34 Kostenko N, I. Theoretical problems of the formation and development of international criminal justice: Author's abstract. dis. ...Dr. legal Sci. M., 2002. P. 35.
• 35 Bondarevsky V.P. Political extremism // Socio-political interaction on the territory: mechanisms, transformations, regulation. M., 1999; Verkhovsky A., Papp A., Pribylovsky V. Political extremism in Russia. M., 1996; Kolesnikov A. Elusive ugliness: The legal framework for combating political extremism in Russia already exists // Diagnosis. 1999. No. 4. P. 4--5; Kononov A.I., Romanov N.A. General characteristics of political extremism in modern conditions. M., 1994; Krasnov M. Political extremism is a threat to statehood // Russian justice. 1999. No. 4. P. 4--7; Lazarev N. Ya. Terrorism as a type of political behavior // Socis. 1993. No. 8; Lapaeva V.V. The role of law in the fight against political extremism // Legislation and economics. 1998. No. 6. P. 8--15; MartynenkoB. K. Political terrorism: concept, signs, classification // North Caucasian Legal Bulletin. 1999. No. 1. P. 64--79; Romanov N. A. The essence and content of political extremism. M., 1991; Sazonov I. A. Political extremism and the problem of its categorical understanding // Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 12.: Political sciences. 2000. No. 2. P. 107--116; Countering political extremism: theory and judicial and investigative practice // Russian justice. 2000. No. 1. P. 11 - 14; and etc.
• 36 Grachev S.I. International terrorism in the 1970-1990s: historical and socio-political aspects: Dis. ...cand. history Sci. N. Novgorod, 1996; Karatueva E. N. Political terrorism: theory and practice: Dis. ...cand. political scientist, science. M., 2000; Kudrina N. N. Political terrorism: essence, forms of manifestation, methods of counteraction: Dis. ...cand. political scientist, science. M., 2000; Manatskov I.V. Political terrorism: regional aspect: Dis. ...cand. Philosopher Sci. Rostov-n/D., 1998; Martynenko B.K. Theoretical and legal issues of political terrorism: Dis. ...cand. legal Sci. Rostov-n/D., 1999; Epshtein V. A. Political terrorism as a phenomenon of modern society: Dis. ...cand. sociologist, science. Kazan, 1998.
• 37 See: Pidzhakov A. Yu. 1) The fight against political terrorism and extremism (international and national legal problems). St. Petersburg, 2003; 2) International legal regulation of the fight against modern terrorism. St. Petersburg, 2001; 3) Political terrorism in Russia (historical and legal aspects) // CLIO. 2001. No. 1. P. 119-125; 4) International legal framework for countering terrorism and political extremism // Problems of international and national security: Sat. scientific tr. St. Petersburg, 2001. P. 70-80; 5) On the role of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the fight against terrorism // Law and the Army. 2002. No. 3; 6) Political extremism in Russia is a threat to modern patriotism // Materials of interuniversity scientific and practical work. conference "Modern patriotism: the struggle of ideas and problems of formation." February 5, 2002 St. Petersburg, 2002. P. 83--85; 7) Political extremism and terrorism in Russia: historiography of the problem // Russia and the World. Humanitarian problems: Interuniversity. Sat. scientific works Vol. 5. St. Petersburg, 2002; 8) Political consciousness and political terrorism: problems of interrelation // Political culture of Russia: history, current state, trends, prospects: Sat. scientific tr. St. Petersburg, 2001. P. 123--135; 9) Legal regulation of the fight against international terrorism: Textbook. allowance. St. Petersburg, 2002; 10) The problem of combating political terrorism in the history of the domestic state and law // Materials of the international conference “Current problems of the history of state and law, political and legal doctrines”. Samara. May 14--15, 2001 Samara, 2001. P. 185--187; 11) Problems of combating political terrorism and extremism in Russia and abroad // Russia and the world. Humanitarian problems: Interuniversity. Sat. scientific tr. Vol. 3. St. Petersburg, 2001. pp. 118-124; 12) Problems of the effectiveness of the participation of Interpol and Europol in the fight against international political terrorism // Legal Thought. 2001. No. 5. P. 78-84; 13) The essence and types of political violence // Credo new. 2002. No. 2. P. 48--76; 14) FSB of the Russian Federation in the fight against terrorism and extremism // Law and Army. 2002. No. 2. P. 19--21; 15) FSB of the Russian Federation in the fight against terrorism and extremism // Scientific works of the Russian Academy of Legal Sciences. Vol. 2. T. 1. M., 2002. P. 592-595.

The expansion of geography and the increase in the danger of terrorism, the unsettlement of regional and local armed conflicts that give rise to terrorism and extremism, the growing participation of transnational organized crime structures in international terrorist activities, and the expansion of the illicit trafficking of drugs and weapons pose a global threat to international peace and security in modern conditions.

The unevenness of globalization processes contributes to an increase in the gap in living standards between rich and poor countries, between rich and poor in each individual country, which leads to an increase in protest forms of behavior. The lack of a full-fledged dialogue between religions and confessions and the persistence of social injustice in societies create a breeding ground for the emergence and aggravation of interethnic, interreligious and other contradictions fraught with terrorist and extremist manifestations.

Modern terrorism and extremism directly threaten the interests of the CIS member states. to the entire world community. In these conditions, the CIS member states consider their priority task to be promoting the formation in the world of a stable, fair, democratic and effective system of international relations based on generally accepted principles and norms of international law.

The fundamental link in such a system, the main center for regulating international relations, is and must remain the United Nations. The CIS member states advocate that, under the auspices of the UN and on the solid foundation of international law, the world community should formulate and implement a global strategy to counter new challenges and threats.

The CIS member states believe that international cooperation should become an effective tool in the fight against terrorism and extremism, and advocate strengthening its legal foundations in accordance with the UN Charter, resolutions of the Security Council and the UN General Assembly.

The CIS member states intend to actively participate in international anti-terrorism cooperation, carried out both under the auspices of the UN and within the framework of regional organizations. The fight against terrorism and extremism is one of the priorities for the CIS member states.

The CIS member states consider the fight against terrorism and extremism as one of the most important tasks of ensuring their national security and advocate further strengthening of interaction in this area. The direct responsibility of each state is to protect the individual from terrorism and extremism, to prevent terrorist and extremist activities on its territory, including against the interests of other states and their citizens, not to provide shelter to terrorists and extremists, to create an effective system for combating financial

combating terrorism and extremism, suppressing terrorist and extremist propaganda.

The CIS member states cooperate in countering terrorism and extremism, using all their capabilities, including the potential of national law enforcement agencies and special services, other government bodies involved in the fight against terrorism and extremism (hereinafter referred to as the competent authorities).

The goals and objectives of cooperation are:

Ensuring the protection of the CIS member states, their citizens and other persons located on their territories from the threats of terrorism and extremism;

Elimination of threats of terrorism and extremism in the territories of the CIS member states;

Creating an atmosphere of non-acceptance of terrorism and extremism in all their forms and manifestations;

Identifying and eliminating the causes and conditions conducive to the emergence and spread of terrorism and extremism in the territories of the CIS member states, as well as eliminating the consequences of crimes of a terrorist and extremist nature;

Strengthening international anti-terrorist cooperation;

Development of coordinated approaches of the CIS member states to the issues of combating terrorism and extremism, including issues of their prevention;

Improving the legal framework for cooperation in the fight against terrorism and extremism, developing and harmonizing the national legislation of the CIS member states with the principles and norms of international law;

Strengthening the role of the state as a guarantor of the security of individuals and society in the face of growing threats of terrorism and extremism;

Increasing the efficiency of interaction between competent authorities in preventing, identifying, suppressing and investigating crimes of a terrorist and extremist nature, identifying and suppressing the activities of organizations and individuals involved in terrorist and extremist activities, as well as in combating the financing of terrorism;

Implementation by the CIS member states of international legal norms to combat the financing of terrorism and extremism.

In achieving the goals and solving problems of cooperation in the fight against terrorism and extremism, the CIS member states are guided by the following principles."

Strict adherence to generally accepted principles and norms of international law;

Strengthening mutual trust;

Respect for the national legislation of the CIS member states;

Countering the use of “double standards” in international efforts to combat terrorism and extremism;

Ensuring the inevitability of liability of both individuals and legal entities for participation in terrorist and extremist activities;

An integrated approach to countering terrorism and extremism using the entire arsenal of preventive, legal, political, socio-economic, propaganda and other measures;

Uncompromising fight against terrorism and extremism.

The main areas of cooperation between the CIS member states, their competent authorities, as well as the statutory bodies and sectoral cooperation bodies of the CIS, created for coordination and interaction in the fight against terrorism and extremism, are:

1. Development of the anti-terrorist potential of the CIS member states and the Commonwealth as a whole.

2. Prevention, detection, suppression and investigation of crimes of a terrorist and extremist nature, as well as minimizing their consequences.

3. Promoting the inevitability of punishment for crimes of a terrorist and extremist nature.

4. Improving the legal framework for cooperation in the fight against terrorism and extremism.

5. Analysis of factors and conditions contributing to the emergence of terrorism and extremism, and forecasting trends in their development and manifestation in the territories of the CIS member states.

6. Providing assistance in the rehabilitation of persons affected by crimes of a terrorist and extremist nature.

7. Prevention of the use or threat of use for terrorist purposes of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, radioactive, toxic and other dangerous substances, materials and technologies for their production.

8. Combating the financing of terrorist and extremist activities.

9. Counter-terrorism on all types of transport, life support facilities and critical infrastructure.

10. Preventing the use or threat of use of local or global computer networks for terrorist purposes (fighting cyber terrorism).

11. Interaction with civil society and the media in order to increase the effectiveness of countering terrorism and extremism.

12. Countering the propaganda of terrorism and extremism.

13. Participation in the anti-terrorist activities of the international community, including interaction within the framework of international organizations and collective anti-terrorist operations, joining efforts in promoting the formation of a global strategy to counter new challenges and threats under the auspices of the UN.

14. Providing assistance to third states interested in cooperation with the CIS member states in the field of combating terrorism and extremism in all its manifestations.

15. Improving the material and technical base of the fight against terrorism and extremism, including the development of special equipment and equipment to equip anti-terrorism units.

The main forms of cooperation between the CIS member states and their competent authorities in the fight against terrorism and extremism are:

1. Carrying out, by agreement, joint and/or coordinated preventive measures to prevent and suppress terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism.

2. Carrying out, by agreement, joint and/or coordinated operational and investigative activities, investigative actions, as well as anti-terrorism exercises.

3. Exchange of information in the field of combating terrorism and extremism, creation of specialized data banks.

4. Providing mutual legal assistance and extradition of persons wanted for committing crimes of a terrorist and extremist nature, as well as financing of terrorism, in accordance with the national legislation of the CIS member states.

5. Training and exchange of experience in the fight against terrorism and extremism, conducting joint scientific research on the issues of terrorism and extremism.

The CIS member states are developing international treaties and joint programs within the Commonwealth to implement the provisions of the Concept.

Analysis of the progress of implementation of agreed decisions on interaction between the CIS member states in the fight against terrorism and extremism and regular preparation of information for the Council of Heads of State and the Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Independent States are carried out by the CIS Executive Committee with the participation of the Anti-Terrorism Center of the CIS Member States.

More on the topic of the fight against international terrorism and other manifestations of extremism:

1. The fight against international terrorism and other manifestations of extremism
2. International experience in the fight against terrorism and its use in the Russian Federation
3. § 3. Development of farms for international cooperation in the fight against crime and international law and order
4. §1. Genesis of the international form of terrorism in the context of globalization development
5. § 3. The essence and content of the concepts of “terrorism” and “international terrorism”
6. § 3. Participation of international organizations in anti-terrorist cooperation
7. §1.2 Classification of types of international terrorism in the context of international counter-terrorism conventions.
8. §2.3 Activities of the UN Security Council Sanctions Committee 1267/1989/2253 in the fight against international terrorism.
9. §3.1 The role of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the fight against international terrorism
10. Prerequisites of a historical, social and conceptual nature that predetermined the need to combat extremism at the interstate level

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Report of the Chairman of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation A.I. Bastrykin at the International Scientific and Practical Conference “Countering Extremism and Terrorism” on the topic “Criminal legal means of preventing and suppressing extremism and terrorism”

Good afternoon,

Dear conference participants!

The International Scientific and Practical Conference on the topic “Countering Extremism and Terrorism”, organized today within the walls of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee, is the next step towards developing further coordinated measures aimed at preventing these most dangerous challenges for humanity in the 21st century. And I would like to devote my speech to criminal legal means of preventing and suppressing crimes of an extremist and terrorist nature.

First of all, I would like to note that we are in a situation where international terrorist groups threaten the security of citizens of all civilized countries.

Suffice it to say that this year alone, terrorists from ISIS, as well as extremists from among refugees from North Africa and the Middle East who joined them, committed terrorist attacks in Stockholm (04/7/2017 a truck crashed into pedestrians on Drottninggatan Street), in Paris (04/20/2017 ISIS terrorist opened fire on police officers). And in the UK, which was considered a “stable” country in terms of security, three terrorist attacks have already been committed over the past two and a half months (03/22/2017, 05/23/2017, 06/04/2017), including an explosion after a concert at the Manchester Arena stadium. May 23, 2017.

As you know, at present, terrorists from ISIS, Jabhat al-Nusra and other similar terrorist organizations have managed to take control of large territories in Syria and Iraq. They are trying to spread their influence to other countries, including Russia.

In this regard, one of the main tasks of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation is to actively suppress crimes of an extremist and terrorist nature.

For example, in 2016, investigators of the Investigative Committee opened 882 criminal cases of extremist crimes and 283 cases of terrorist crimes. 522 criminal cases on extremism and 98 on terrorism were sent to court.

Most of the completed cases have already resulted in convictions.

Thus, together with employees of the FSB of Russia, investigators of the Main Investigation Department exposed members of the Galliev gang, who, preaching the ideas of radical Islam, committed a series of explosions of fuel and energy complex facilities in a number of subjects of the Volga Federal District (in the republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Kirov, Ulyanovsk and Samara regions).

During the investigation, the gang's funding channels were blocked and a significant amount of extremist literature was confiscated. The routes through which gang members received weapons, methodological literature on carrying out terrorist acts (the production and use of explosive devices), and ideological materials promoting the so-called jihad have been established. Currently, most of the gang members have been sentenced to long terms of imprisonment, including the leader of the gang, Galliev, to 22 years in prison.

In addition, the activities of Yusupov were suppressed in the Ural Federal District, who, while committing robbery attacks on citizens, was simultaneously preparing to travel to the Syrian Arab Republic to participate in the activities of international terrorist organizations.

In addition, the Main Investigation Department of the Investigative Committee for the North Caucasus Federal District completed an investigation in March of this year against a resident of the Republic of Dagestan (Devletmurzaev), who collected funds (in the amount of over 650 thousand rubles on his bank card and his mother’s bank card ) for the participation of residents of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Stavropol Territory in the activities of the terrorist organization ISIS banned in Russia.

The above examples indicate the coordinated actions of investigators of the Investigative Committee and employees of the operational units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB of Russia to actively suppress the activities of extremists and terrorists.

For reference: at a joint meeting of the National Anti-Terrorism Committee and the Federal Operational Headquarters held on December 13, 2016 in Moscow, it was noted that as a result of proactive actions of law enforcement agencies in 2016, 42 terrorist crimes were prevented at the preparation stage. 129 militants were neutralized, including 22 leaders of the bandit underground, including the leader of the so-called “Vilayat Caucasus,” who positions himself as the leader of ISIS in the North Caucasus.

As for the investigation into the circumstances of the criminal case of a terrorist attack in the St. Petersburg metro, committed on April 3, 2017, I will briefly say that the Main Directorate for the Investigation of Particularly Important Cases is investigating this tragic terrorist attack for the entire country (16 people died) actively continues (suspected suicide bomber Akbarjon Jalilov). At the moment, there are 11 defendants in the criminal case, all of them have been charged (clause “b” of Part 3 of Article 205 and Part 2 of Article 222.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation - committing a terrorist act, illegal trafficking in explosives or explosive devices). Investigators are currently continuing to establish all the circumstances of the terrorist attack. Work is being carried out with victims, the necessary examinations are being carried out, and connections of those involved in the criminal case are being worked out. Based on the results of the criminal investigation, a comprehensive legal assessment will be given of the actions of all persons involved in this terrorist act.
Dear Colleagues!

As we are all observing, the predicted aggravation of the situation with the beginning of the participation of the Russian Aerospace Forces in combat operations against terrorists in the Syrian Arab Republic is confirmed by emanating threats from ISIS and other international terrorist organizations. Militants from “hot spots” (Syria, Libya, Yemen, Iraq) are trying to penetrate into the Russian Federation, and terrorist attacks are being carried out against Russian citizens abroad.

Such a complex operational situation requires coordination of the efforts of all structures countering extremism and terrorism, suppression of recruitment activities by international terrorist organizations, and elimination of the resource and financial support of gangs.

In general, as you know, such coordination is carried out in accordance with Decree of the President of Russia dated February 15, 2006 No. 116 “On measures to counter terrorism” by the National Anti-Terrorism Committee, which includes the Chairman of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 26 .2013 No. 579).

In addition, in the Main Investigation Department of the Investigative Committee for the North Caucasus Federal District, an interdepartmental operational group has been successfully operating for several years, and in each subject of the Russian Federation in this district there are permanent interdepartmental coordination and analytical investigative and operational groups. Their main task is to solve and investigate murders, as well as crimes of an extremist and terrorist nature.

It is thanks to the coordinated actions of such groups that the following were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment:

– several members of the criminal community led by Aslan Gagiev, who committed a number of murders in the territory of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania and other constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2004–2014;

– Ali Taziev is one of Shamil Basayev’s henchmen and the organizer of a gang that is responsible for 78 murders, including law enforcement officers and military personnel in the North Caucasus Federal District;

– six members of the “Khasavyurt Sector” gang, part of the terrorist community “Vilayat Dagestan”, who committed a terrorist act in December 2013 near the building of the State Traffic Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the city of Pyatigorsk, Stavropol Territory (the leader of the gang, Tural Atayev, and two of his accomplices were killed during a special operation upon their arrest).

The former mayor of Makhachkala, Said Amirov, and his accomplices, who were preparing a terrorist act against the head of the regional Pension Fund, were exposed and subsequently convicted.

Isolation from society of these and other especially dangerous criminals significantly made it possible to inflict significant damage on the gang underground.

In addition, as you know, back in 2015, harsh sentences were handed down (up to life imprisonment) to the organizers and participants of the extremist community “Combat Organization of Russian Nationalists” (Goryachev, Isaev, Baklagin), who has dozens of particularly serious crimes, including including the murder of Moscow City Court judge Eduard Chuvashov, lawyer Stanislav Markelov and journalist Anastasia Baburova (for which Tikhonov and Khasis had already been convicted).

And there are many such examples. They were widely covered in the media and testify to the high professionalism and clear interaction of investigators with the operational units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB of Russia.

Dear Colleagues!

I would like to emphasize that since its formation, the Investigative Committee has repeatedly raised the issue of strengthening criminal liability for extremism and terrorism.

As a result, significant amendments were made to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, tightening criminal liability for extremist and terrorist crimes, the concept of “terrorism financing” was clarified, and criminal liability for the rehabilitation of Nazism was introduced (Article 354.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Rehabilitation of Nazism”).

In addition, Federal Law No. 375-FZ of July 6, 2016 “On amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in terms of establishing additional measures to counter terrorism and ensure public safety” supplemented the Criminal Code with Article 205.6 “Failure to report crime”, establishing liability for failure to report to the authorities authorized to consider reports of a crime about a person (persons) who, according to reliably known information, is preparing, committing or has committed at least one of the crimes of a terrorist nature.

The same law introduced additions to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, creating the possibility for Russian authorities and courts to independently conduct preliminary investigations in cases (extraterritorial jurisdiction) of any crimes falling under the prescriptive jurisdiction of Russia (Article 12 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), investigative and other procedural actions (including detention and the use of other measures of procedural coercion) outside the territory of the Russian Federation (also not at the place where the crime was committed), including in relation to foreign citizens and stateless persons (including suspects and accused), in accordance with the norms of the Criminal Code procedural code of the Russian Federation and giving legal force to the evidence collected in this way.

This has created a domestic legal basis for independent extraterritorial procedural activity in addition to the traditional, “classical” instruments of international legal assistance and police assistance in criminal cases, which has long been in demand in investigative practice.

In addition, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has been supplemented with a new Article 361 “Act of International Terrorism” (introduced by the same Federal Law dated July 6, 2016 No. 375-FZ), which identifies as a separate offense the commission of an explosion, arson or other actions outside the territory of the Russian Federation that endanger life, health, freedom or integrity of Russian citizens for the purpose of violating the peaceful coexistence of states and peoples or directed against the interests of our country.

It is under this article that the Main Directorate for Investigation of Particularly Important Cases of the Investigative Committee opened a criminal case into the murder of the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Turkey Andrei Karlov on December 19, 2016. As part of the criminal case, in accordance with the norms of Russian criminal procedural legislation and international law, investigative actions are being carried out aimed at identifying all possible persons involved in the preparation and attack on the Russian diplomat.

Regarding the issue of informational counteraction to extremism, it should be noted that the Russian Federation has adopted a law on blocking extremist sites (Federal Law dated December 28, 2013 No. 398-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection”). And in November 2014, the President of the Russian Federation approved the Strategy for Combating Extremism in the Russian Federation.

This allows the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, together with other government bodies, primarily the Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Communications, Information Technologies and Mass Communications (Roskomnadzor), the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Justice of Russia to quickly respond to provocations of extremists using Internet resources for inciting national and religious hatred, removing information containing calls for mass unrest, extremist activities, participation in mass (public) events held in violation of the established order.

Dear Colleagues!

Taking into account the fact that the recruiters of the terrorist organization ISIS are purposefully using the migrant environment to radicalize citizens of neighboring countries who have not been able to adapt to Russia, and are striving to create so-called “sleeping” cells that can be mobilized for terrorist attacks, I think that it is necessary to take comprehensive measures, including legislative nature, to tighten control of migration flows.

As you know, in 2016, during the reform of law enforcement agencies, powers in the areas of migration control and combating drug trafficking were primarily assigned to the competence of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. I believe that this will significantly increase the effectiveness of countering these threats.

At the same time, I believe that the issue of codifying migration legislation is ripe (currently, migration issues are regulated by more than 700 regulations), which requires specifying all forms of migration, as well as norms related to the registration of foreigners and the issuance of quotas for employment activities, clearly defining the procedure for registering migrants, their fingerprinting and other types of control. Here it is necessary to consolidate the procedure for interaction of all law enforcement agencies to suppress illegal migration, which will allow for more effective and efficient migration control.

It seems that such measures will serve the main goal - not only to promptly suppress offenses in the field of migration, but also to prevent them in a timely manner.

In addition, in order to increase the effectiveness of the prevention of extremism, I believe that the territorial bodies of the Federal Penitentiary Service need to develop additional preventive and administrative measures aimed at reducing the degree of influence of radicals on convicts, to prevent former members of the bandit underground from carrying out ideological indoctrination of the contingent of the penitentiary system, as well as recruiting new supporters among them.

There are already examples of such influence.

Thus, according to the results of an investigation by the Main Investigation Department of the Investigative Committee for the city of Moscow, in August 2016, the court sentenced Yusupov to four years in prison for calling on fellow inmates in the pre-trial detention center to join ISIS terrorists fighting in Syria after serving their sentences.

The Investigative Committee has also repeatedly proposed to take further measures to tighten control over the distribution of SIM cards, taking strict administrative measures, including suspension of activities and deprivation of licenses of mobile operators that do not comply with the rules for the provision of communication services upon presentation of identity documents. In addition, we believe that it is necessary to take effective measures to ban the sale of SIM cards outside the official offices of mobile operators.

Currently, such a bill has been prepared on behalf of the Chairman of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation V.I. Matvienko. I hope that the proposed amendments to the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses will finally make it possible to close all the loopholes in the current legislation that allow SIM cards to be sold anonymously and, thereby, used to commit crimes of an extremist and terrorist nature.

The Investigative Committee also advocates the introduction of criminal liability against legal entities, without which extraterritorial criminal prosecution of foreign organizations that finance terrorism, sponsor the destabilization of the political situation, as well as other transnational crimes committed on Russian territory is impossible. Without this institution, the repatriation of capital acquired through criminal means and transferred abroad is impossible.

Dear Colleagues!

After the historical reunification of Crimea with Russia, active work is being carried out to prevent extremism and terrorism in Crimea.

With the participation of employees of the Investigative Committee, an interdepartmental working group was created to coordinate the activities of law enforcement agencies in the field of countering manifestations of extremist and terrorist activities. A permanent investigative and operational group has also been formed to solve intentional murders.

All these organizational measures and focus on the final result made it possible to significantly intensify the work on solving and investigating these crimes, including those committed with the use of firearms.

For example, according to the results of an investigation by the Main Investigation Department of the Investigative Committee for the Republic of Crimea in Simferopol, a sentence was passed on an active participant in the mass riots in February 2014 in Kiev (Kostenko), who illegally stored firearms at his place of residence and caused bodily harm to an employee of the Crimean special forces “Berkut” (the culprit was sentenced to four years and two months in prison).

I would especially like to emphasize that the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation does not remain aloof from the tragic events in the south-east of Ukraine. Criminal prosecution is being promptly initiated against war criminals and nationalists, at whose hands civilians, our compatriots, are dying. In total, since 2014, 128 criminal cases have been initiated, in which 98 persons have been brought to justice. These criminal cases are thoroughly investigated, and the necessary evidence is collected so that the perpetrators receive fair retribution. It's only a matter of time.

Dear Colleagues!

The most important condition for the successful implementation of the tasks facing the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation in the field of countering extremism and terrorism is targeted interaction with civil society institutions.

Such dialogue with representatives of the public contributes not only to the effective participation of the population in programs for the prevention of extremist crimes, but also to improving the work of the investigative bodies of the Investigative Committee themselves, strengthening their authority in the regions, and the formation among citizens of clear ideas about the high social significance of the activities of investigators and criminologists.

A special role in the implementation of this work belongs to public councils under the investigative bodies of the Investigative Committee, whose activities make it possible on an ongoing basis to unite the efforts of employees of investigative bodies and the most authoritative representatives of the public to achieve common goals of strengthening law and order.

Regarding this important issue, it should be noted that in order to counter various types of attempts to destabilize the situation in the country, a thoughtful and consistent concept of information policy is necessary.

It seems important to determine the limits of censorship in Russia of the global Internet and mass media, since this problem is currently causing heated discussions in the light of the intensification of defenders of the rights to freedom of receipt and dissemination of information.

In addition, it seems appropriate to provide for an extrajudicial (administrative) procedure for including illegal information in the federal list of extremist materials, as well as blocking domain names of sites that disseminate this information.

At the same time, if the owners of such information do not consider it extremist, then they have the opportunity to appeal the relevant actions of authorized government bodies in court.

I believe that this procedure will make it possible to more quickly respond to extremist propaganda on the Internet.

For reference: in 2016, a total of 953 crimes were registered in Russia under Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Inciting hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity” (+15.5%) (2015 – 825), including using the Internet – 682 (+31.4%) (2015 – 519).

In addition, I believe that in order to counter extremism and terrorism, it is also necessary to take measures to enshrine at the legislative level the storage period for information about recipients of weapons at manufacturing plants for at least 40 - 50 years, mandatory branding of weapons, allowing one to trace its path from manufacturer to consumer , as well as the creation of a database that ensures such control and is available for the work of investigators in this category of criminal cases.

In addition, the Investigative Committee supports the proposal of the Russian FSB to create a common database of foreign terrorist fighters in the international arena and develop additional ways to determine their location, which will create an additional barrier to the movement of terrorists into our country.

Dear Colleagues!

In conclusion, I would like to note that in the context of a difficult international situation, it is important for us to take other effective measures to ensure an adequate response to growing extremist manifestations and terrorist threats, and to increase efforts aimed at further reducing the activity of the gang underground in the North Caucasus.

Considering the existing facts of radically minded people, primarily young people, leaving Russia for “hot spots,” it is necessary to take additional measures to correct the situation. To do this, it is necessary to strengthen anti-extremist work with the participation of representatives of the Ministry of Education and Science, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Roskomnadzor, Rosmolodezh and Rospechat, to more widely involve the public and the media, youth and student organizations, volunteers, teaching staff of universities, and in the most problematic regions - to initiate preventive work at the school level .

As an additional measure, I also consider it necessary, together with legislators, to once again carefully analyze the current regulatory legal framework in order to adjust it in the direction of tightening criminal liability for participation in terrorist activities.

At the end of my speech, I will say a few words about the Foreign Policy Concept, which the President of the Russian Federation approved on November 30, 2016.

This is an updated Concept, which reflects that the global terrorist threat has acquired a qualitatively new character with the emergence of the international terrorist organization “Islamic State” and similar associations that have raised violence to an unprecedented level of cruelty, claiming to create their own state entity and strengthening their influence in the territories from Atlantic coast to Pakistan. The main direction in the fight against terrorism should be the creation of a broad international anti-terrorist coalition on a solid legal basis, based on effective and systematic interaction between states, without politicization and double standards, actively using the capabilities of civil society, primarily in order to prevent terrorism and extremism, counter the spread of radical ideas.

I will add that on the eve of the holding of a major international football tournament in the Russian Federation - the 2017 Confederations Cup (to be held from July 17 to July 2, 2017), as well as the FIFA World Cup in 2018, are among the priority tasks of the investigative authorities of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation It is important to organize proper preparedness to respond to terrorist threats and ensure the safety of their implementation in general.

I am convinced that for each of us, participation in the scientific and practical conference will open up additional opportunities for productive scientific, legislative and law enforcement work aimed at countering extremism and terrorism in the Russian Federation.

Thank you for attention!